By the eleventh century, most of Europe had turn out to be Christian; stronger monarchies emerged; borders had been restored; technological developments and agricultural innovations had been made which elevated the meals supply and population. In addition, classical Greek texts began to be translated from Arabic and Greek into Latin, giving the next degree of scientific discussion in Western Europe. The principle of atoms was developed by the Greek thinker Leucippus and his student Democritus.

Societies and academies had been additionally the backbones of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the popularization of science amongst an more and more literate population...